:: wikimiki.org ::

New General Catalogue

New General Catalogue

New General Catalogue
NGC
Organization	William Herschel, Dunsink Observatory, Royal Astronomical Society, revised by Sulentic and Tifft
Wavelength regime	Visible (naked eye)
Data source	William Herschel, Birr Castle telescope and Dunsink Observatory
Survey goals	Survey of non-stellar objects
Dataproducts	NGC Catalogue
Webpage	[http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VII/1B The Revised New General Catalogue]

The New General Catalogue (NGC) is the most well-known catalogue of deep sky objects in amateur astronomy. It contains nearly 8,000 objects, known as the NGC objects. The NGC is one of the largest comprehensive catalogues, as it includes all types of deep sky objects (not specialised to just galaxies for instance). The catalogue was compiled in the 1880s by J. L. E. Dreyer using observations mostly from William Herschel, and then subsequently expanded with two Index Catalogues (IC I & IC II), adding nearly 5,000 objects. Objects in the southern sky are somewhat less well catalogued but many were observed by John Herschel. The NGC contained many errors which have for the most part been eliminated by the Revised NGC.

Objects in the NGC with articles in Wikipedia

- See List of NGC objects. List of NGC objects

External links

- [http://www.seds.org/~spider/ngc/ngc.html The Interactive NGC Catalog], SEDS
- [http://www.licha.de/astro_gallery_ngc.php The Amateur Photographic NGC Catalog] Category:Astronomical catalogues ja:ニュージェネラルカタログ

William Herschel

Sir Wilhelm Friedrich Herschel, FRS (Hanover, November 15 1738 – August 25 1822 Slough, then in Buckinghamshire now in Berkshire) was a German-born British astronomer and composer who became famous for discovering the planet Uranus, and made many other astronomical discoveries.

Biography

Herschel was born as Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel in Hanover, Germany, one of ten children (of which four died very young). In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged was ordered to England. At the time, the crowns of England and Hanover were united under George II. He learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel. He became a successful music teacher and bandleader, played the organ and the oboe, and composed numerous musical works, most of which are largely forgotten today. He became Director of Public Concerts in Bath. His sister Caroline also came to England and lived with him. His interest in astronomy grew stronger after 1773, and he built some telescopes and made the acquaintance of Nevil Maskelyne. He observed the Moon, measuring the heights of lunar mountains, and also worked on a catalog of double stars. The turning point in his life was March 13 1781, while residing at 19 New King Street, Bath, when he discovered Uranus. This made him famous and enabled him to turn to astronomy full-time. Naming the new planet Georgium Sidus in honour of King George III also brought him favour (the name didn't stick). That same year, Herschel was awarded the Copley Medal and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1782, he was appointed "The King’s Astronomer" and he and his sister subsequently moved to Datchet (then in Buckinghamshire but now in Berkshire) on August 1 1782. He also continued his work as a telescope maker, selling a number of them to other astronomers. In 1783 he gave Caroline a telescope and she began to make astronomical discoveries in her own right, particularly comets. Caroline also served as his full-time assistant, taking notes while he observed at the telescope. In June 1785, due to damp conditions, he and Caroline moved to Clay Hall in Old Windsor. Clay Hall (or Clayhall Farm) had been owned by Samuel Foote, father of Topham Foote whose bust by Peter Scheemakers is in Windsor Parish Church. Topham's mother sold the farm to her brother Richard Topham who willed it to Sidney Bleuclerk. On April 3 1786, William Herschel moved his family to a new residence on Windsor Road in Slough. He lived the rest of his life in this residence, which came to be known as Observatory House. It is no longer standing, having been demolished in 1963 to make way for a high-rise office building. On May 7 1788, he married the widow Mary Pitt (née Baldwin) at St Laurence's Church, Upton, near Slough. His sister Caroline then moved to separate lodgings, but continued to work as his assistant. During the course of his career, he constructed more than four hundred telescopes. The largest and most famous of these was a reflecting telescope with a 40 ft (12 m) focal length and an aperture 49½ inches (126 cm) in diameter. On August 28 1789, his first night of observation using this instrument, he discovered a new moon of Saturn. A second moon followed within the first month of observation. The 40 ft telescope proved very cumbersome, however, and most of his observations were done with a smaller telescope of 20 ft (6.1 m) focal length. William and Mary had one child, John, born at Observatory House on March 7 1792. In 1816, William was knighted "Sir William Herschel" by the Prince Regent. He helped to found the Astronomical Society of London in 1820, which in 1831 received a royal charter and became the Royal Astronomical Society. On August 25 1822, Herschel died at Observatory House, Slough, and is buried at nearby St Laurence's Church, Upton. His son John Herschel also became a famous astronomer. One of William's brothers, Alexander, also moved permanently to England, near Caroline and William though not in the same household, but was not a scientist. His house in Bath, where he made many telescopes and first observed Uranus, is now home to the William Herschel Museum.

Other astronomical work

In his later career, Herschel discovered two satellites of Saturn, Mimas and Enceladus; as well as two satellites of Uranus, Titania and Oberon. He did not give these satellites their names; rather, they were named by his son John in 1847 and 1852, respectively, well after his death. He also worked on creating an extensive catalog of nebulas. He also continued to work on double stars, and was the first to discover that most double stars are not mere optical doubles as had been supposed previously, but are true binary stars. He also discovered infrared radiation (ca. 1800). From studying the proper motion of stars, he was the first to realize that the solar system is moving through space, and he determined the approximate direction of that movement. He also studied the structure of the Milky Way and concluded that it was in the shape of a disk. He also coined the word "asteroid", meaning star-like (from the Greek asteroeides, aster "star" + -eidos "form, shape"), in 1802 (shortly after Olbers discovered the second minor planet, 2 Pallas, in late March of the same year), to describe the star-like appearance of the small moons of the giant planets and of the minor planets; the planets all show discs, by comparison. Despite his numerous important scientific discoveries, Herschel was not averse to wild speculation. In particular, he believed every planet was inhabited, even the Sun: he believed that the Sun had a cool, solid surface protected from its hot atmosphere by an opaque layer of cloud, and that a race of beings adapted to their strange environment lived there.

Discovery of infrared radiation

Herschel discovered infrared radiation by passing sunlight through a prism and holding a thermometer just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. The thermometer indicated a temperature increase and this led to Herschel's conclusion that there must be an invisible form of light.

Named after Herschel

- Herschel, a small crater on the Moon.
- Herschel, a large impact basin on Mars.
- The enormous Herschel crater on Saturn's moon Mimas.
- The asteroid 2000 Herschel.
- The William Herschel Telescope on La Palma.
- The Herschel Space Observatory, currently under development by the European Space Agency. It will be the largest space telescope of its kind.
- Herschel Grammar School, Slough Another William Herschel was a Civil servant in India credited with introducing fingerprinting to catch criminals.

External links

- [http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/herschel.html William Herschel's Deep Sky Catalog]
- Full text of [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12340 The Story of the Herschels] (1886) from Project Gutenberg
- [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0074//0000134.000.html Biography: JRASC 74 (1980) 134]
- [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&sText=herschel&LinkID=mp02166 Portraits of William Herschel] at the National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom) Herschel, William Herschel, William Herschel, William Herschel, William Herschel, William Herschel, William ko:윌리엄 허셜 ja:ウィリアム・ハーシェル th:วิลเลียม เฮอร์เชล

Dunsink Observatory

The Dunsink Observatory is an astronomical observatory established in approximately 1785 near the city of Dublin, Ireland. Its most famous director was William Rowan Hamilton, who, amongst other things, discovered quaternions, the first non-commutative algebra, while strolling from the observatory into the centre of the city with some friends and his wife. He is also renowned for his Hamiltonian formulation of dynamics. In the late 20th century, the city encroached ever more on the observatory, which compromised the seeing. The telescope then, no longer state of the art, was used mainly for public 'open nights'.

External links

- [http://www.dunsink.dias.ie/ Dunsink Observatory] Category:Astronomical observatories in Ireland

Royal Astronomical Society

The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research (mainly carried on at the time by 'gentleman astronomers' rather than professionals). It became the Royal Astronomical Society in 1831 on receiving its Royal Charter from William IV. A Supplemental Charter in 1915 opened up the fellowship to women. It is the UK adhering organisation to the International Astronomical Union and a member of the Science Council.

Publications

One of the major activities of the RAS is publishing refereed journals. It currently publishes five world-leading primary research journals, MNRAS in astronomy and (in association with the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft) GJI in geophysics, and A&G, which publishes review and other articles of wide interest in a 'glossy' format. The full list of journals published by the RAS, with abbreviations as used for the NASA ADS bibliographic codes is:
- Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (MmRAS): 1822 – 1978
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS): Since 1827
- Geophysical Supplement to Monthly Notices (MNRAS): 1922 – 1957
- Geophysical Journal (GeoJ): 1958 – 1987
- Geophysical Journal International (GeoJI): Since 1988
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society (QJRAS): 1960 – 1996
- Astronomy & Geophysics (A&G): Since 1997

Fellowship

Members of the RAS are styled fellows, and may use the postnominals FRAS. Fellowship is open to anyone over the age of 18 who is considered acceptable to the society. As a result of the society's foundation in a time before there were many professional astronomers, no formal qualifications are required. However, around three quarters of fellows are professional astronomers or geophysicists. The society acts as the professional body for astronomers and geophysicists in the UK and fellows may apply for the Science Council's Chartered Scientist status through the society. The fellowship passed 3,000 for the first time during 2003.

Meetings

The Society regularly organises monthly discussion meetings on topics in astronomy and geophysics, which are usually held in London on the second Friday of every month from September through to June. It also sponsors the UK National Astronomy Meeting, a lengthier meeting of professional astronomers held each spring, and occasionally meetings in other parts of the UK. Jointly with the Geological Society of London, the Society sponsors the British Geophysical Association.

Presidents

The first person to hold the title of President of the Royal Astronomical Society was William Herschel, though he never chaired a meeting, and since then the post has been held by many distinguished astronomers. The post is currently offered for a period of two years. Recent Presidents:
- 1992 Martin Rees
- 1994 Carole Jordan
- 1996 Malcolm Longair
- 1998 David Williams
- 2000 Nigel Weiss
- 2002 Jocelyn Bell Burnell
- 2004 Kathryn Whaler Notable former Presidents:
- John Herschel
- George Airy
- Arthur Cayley
- John Couch Adams
- Charles Pritchard
- William Lassell
- James Glaisher
- George Darwin
- Edward Stone
- Arthur Eddington
- Arthur Milne
- William McCrea
- Fred Hoyle

Medals

The highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society is its Gold Medal. Among the recipients best known to the general public are Albert Einstein in 1926, and Stephen Hawking in 1985. Other awards include the Eddington Medal, the Herschel Medal, the Chapman Medal, the Price Medal and the Jackson-Gwilt Medal. Lectureships include the Harold Jeffreys Lectureship in geophysics, the George Darwin Lectureship in astronomy, and the Gerald Whitrow Lectureship in cosmology.

Other activities

The Society occupies premises at Burlington House, London, where a substantial library and meeting rooms are available to fellows and, by arrangement, other interested parties. The Society represents the interests of astronomy and geophysics to UK national and regional, and European government and related bodies, and maintains a press office, through which it keeps the media and the public at large informed of relevant developments in these sciences. It maintains links with parallel learned societies in the UK and abroad, and participates in their administration at an international level.

External links

- [http://www.ras.org.uk The Royal Astronomical Society]
- [http://www.ras.org.uk/pdfs/gold_medals.pdf Complete list of Gold Medal recipients]
- [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/aag Astronomy & Geophysics]
- [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/gji Geophysical Journal International]
- [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/mnr Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]
- [http://www.geophysics.org.uk/ The British Geophysical Association] Category:Learned societies of the United Kingdom Category:Scientific societies Category:Astronomy organizations Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom Category:Geophysics Category:British professional bodies

Birr Castle

Birr Castle is a large castle in the town of Birr in County Offaly, Ireland. It is home of the seventh Earl of Rosse.

The "Great Telescope"

A main feature on the grounds of the castle is the "Great Telescope" of the third Earl of Rosse, an astronomical telescope with a 72-inch reflector. It was completed in 1845 and was used for several decades before the last observations were made in the first years of the 1900s. Its record size was not surpassed until the completion of the 100-inch Hooker Telescope in 1917. It was dismantled in 1914, but has been restored and is open to the public. Image:Great Telescope, Birr, Offaly 1.jpg Image:Greate Telescope, Birr, Offaly 2.jpg

External links

- [http://www.travelpublishing.co.uk/CountryLivingIreland/EastCoastandMidlands/cliTheBirrScientificandHeritageFoundation.htm The Birr Scientific and Heritage Foundation]
- [http://www.birrcastleireland.com/new/index.htm?mainFrame=http%3A//www.birrcastleireland.com/new/main.htm Birr Castle Demesne]
- [http://www.irishtravelideas.com/features/birrcastle.asp Birr Castle Demesne at Irish Travel Ideas site]
- [http://www.danheller.com/ire-birr-castle.html Dan Heller's (recent) images of Birr Castle and gardens]
- [http://194.94.42.12/licensed_materials/00770/papers/7028003/70280074.pdf Restoration of the Great Telescope] Category:Castles in Ireland Category:Gardens in the Republic of Ireland

Dunsink Observatory

External links

- [http://www.dunsink.dias.ie/ Dunsink Observatory] Category:Astronomical observatories in Ireland

Catalogue

A catalog (or catalogue) is an organized, detailed, descriptive list of items arranged systematically. It may also refer to a list of items enumerated with a specific numbering scheme. Some specific types of catalogs are:
- Flora (plants) (plants or vegetation).
- Herbal (medicinal plants)
- Library catalog (books and other media)
- Mail-order catalog (merchandise)
- Pharmacopoeia (drugs)
- Stamp catalog (postage stamps)
- Star catalog (stars)

Deep sky objects

Deep sky object (DSO) is a term used often in amateur astronomy to denote objects in the night sky other than solar system objects (such as planets, comets and asteroids), single stars and multiple star systems. With a few exceptions such as the Andromeda galaxy, these objects are not visible with the naked eye. The brighter ones can be seen with a small telescope or with a good pair of binoculars, and many DSOs can be photographed through small telescopes with extended exposure times. For visual observation in good clarity a larger telescope is required. binoculars Types of DSO's:
- Star clusters
- Open clusters
- Globular clusters
- Nebulae
- Bright nebulae
- Emission nebulae
- Reflection nebulae
- Dark nebulae
- Planetary nebulae
- Galaxies
- Quasars These are classified by the Messier catalogue of 110 objects and the much more comprehensive New General Catalogue which contains nearly 8000 objects. Many sets of these and other objects from more specialised catalogues such as the UGC are used by amateurs as a test of their observing skills and their equipment. The so called Messier marathons occur only at a specific time of year when observers try to spot all 110 objects in one night. A much more demanding test known as Herschell's 400 is designed to tax larger telescopes. Category:Astronomical objects

Galaxy

:This article is about celestial bodies. For alternate meanings, see galaxy (disambiguation). galaxy (disambiguation), is about 56,000 light years in diameter and approximately 60 million light years distant.]] A galaxy is a vast gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas and dust, plasma, and (possibly) unseen dark matter. Typical galaxies contain 10 million to one trillion (10⁷ to 10¹²) stars, all orbiting a common center of gravity. In addition to single stars and a tenuous interstellar medium, most galaxies contain a large number of multiple star systems and star clusters as well as various types of nebulae. Most galaxies are several thousand to several hundred thousand light years in diameter and are usually separated from one another by distances on the order of millions of light years. Although so-called dark matter and dark energy appear to account for well over 90% of the mass of most galaxies, the nature of these unseen components is not well understood. There is some evidence that supermassive black holes may exist at the center of many, if not all, galaxies. Intergalactic space, the space between galaxies, is filled with a tenuous plasma with an average density less than one atom per cubic meter. There are probably more than 10¹¹ galaxies in the visible universe.

Types of galaxies

Galaxies come in three main types: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appearance is given by the Hubble sequence. While the Hubble sequence does encompass all galaxies, it is entirely based upon visual morphological type. Hence, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as star formation rate. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, sometimes simply called the Galaxy (with uppercase), is a large disk-shaped barred spiral galaxy about 30 kiloparsecs or 100,000 light years in diameter and 3,000 light years in thickness. It contains about 3×10¹¹ stars and has a total mass of about 6×10¹¹ times the mass of the Sun. In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate logarithmic spirals, a pattern that can be theoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms also rotate around the center, but they do so with constant angular velocity. That means that stars pass in and out of spiral arms. The spiral arms are thought to be areas of high density or density waves. As stars move into an arm, they slow down, thus creating a higher density; this is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation and they therefore harbor many bright and young stars. A new set of galaxies, classified as Ultra Compact Dwarf Galaxies, were discovered in 2003 by Michael Drinkwater of the University of Queensland.

Larger scale structures

Only a few galaxies exist by themselves; these are known as field galaxies. Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. Structures containing up to about 50 galaxies are called groups of galaxies, and larger structures containing many thousands of galaxies packed into an area a few megaparsecs across are called clusters. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant elliptical galaxy, which over time tidally destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own. Superclusters are giant collections containing tens of thousands of galaxies, found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually; at the supercluster scale, galaxies are arranged into sheets and filaments surrounding vast empty voids. Above this scale, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous. Our galaxy is a member of the Local Group, which it dominates together with the Andromeda Galaxy; overall the Local Group contains about 30 galaxies in a space about one megaparsec across. The Local Group is part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is dominated by the Virgo Cluster (of which our Galaxy is not a member).

History

This account of the history of the investigation of our own and other galaxies is largely taken from [1]. In 1610, Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the bright band on the night sky known as the Milky Way and discovered that it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright, speculated (correctly) that the galaxy might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the solar system but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate galaxies. Towards the end of the 18th century, Charles Messier compiled a catalog containing the 109 brightest nebulae, later followed by a catalog of 5000 nebulae assembled by William Herschel. In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture. However, the nebulae were not universally accepted as distant separate galaxies until the matter was settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using a new telescope. He was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some Cepheid variables, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1936, Hubble produced a classification system for galaxies that is used to this day, the Hubble sequence. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. Using a refined approach, Kapteyn in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diameter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with the Sun close to the center. A different method by Harlow Shapley based on the cataloging of globular clusters lead to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diameter ~70 kiloparsecs and the Sun far from the center. Both analyses failed to take into account the absorption of light by interstellar dust present in the galactic plane; once Robert Julius Trumpler had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying open clusters, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged. In 1944, Hendrik van de Hulst predicted microwave radiation at a wavelength of 21 cm, resulting from interstellar atomic hydrogen gas; this radiation was observed in 1951. This radiation allowed for much improved study of the Galaxy, since it is not affected by dust absorption and its Doppler shift can be used to map the motion of the gas in the Galaxy. These observations led to the postulation of a rotating bar structure in the center of the Galaxy. With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s it was realized that the total visible mass of galaxies (from stars and gas) does not properly account for the speed of the rotating gas, thus leading to the postulation of dark matter. dark matterBeginning in the 1990s, the Hubble Space Telescope yielded improved observations. Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely consist of inherently faint and small stars. It photographed the Hubble Deep Field, providing evidence for hundreds of billions of galaxies in existence in the visible universe alone. Many scientists have tried to obtain a good estimate for the number of galaxies in the universe formally. The methods used to achieve such number varies, and therefore, the results are varying too. Also, as new and improved technology becomes available, astronomers can detect fainter objects that were not seen before. These objects that have come into view will in turn change the estimated number of galaxies. In 1999 the Hubble Space Telescope estimated that there were 125 billion galaxies in the universe, and recently with the new camera HST has observed 3000 visible galaxies, which is twice as much as they observed before with the old camera. The term "visible" is emphasized because observations with radio telescopes, infrared cameras, x-ray cameras, etc. would detect other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. As observations keep on going and astronomers explore more of our universe, the number of galaxies detected will increase. In 2004, the galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 became the most distant galaxy ever seen by humans.

Etymology

The word galaxy was derived from the Greek term for our own galaxy, kyklos galaktikos meaning "milky circle" for the system’s appearance in the sky. When astronomers speculated that certain objects previously classified as spiral nebulae were actually vast congeries of stars, this was called the "island universe theory"; but this was an obvious misnomer, since universe means everything there is. Consequently, this term fell into disuse, replaced by applying the term galaxy generically to all such bodies.

References

- James Binney: Galactic Astronomy, Princeton University Press, 1998
- Terence Dickinson: The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition), Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004

External links

- [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages]
- [http://www.anzwers.org/free/universe/ An Atlas of The Universe]
- [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] Category:Astronomical objects Category:Large-scale structure of the cosmos ko:은하 ms:Galaksi ja:銀河 simple:Galaxy th:กาแล็กซี

1880s

Events and Trends

Technology

- Development and commercial production of electric lighting
- Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach
- First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings.
- First steel frame construction "sky-scrapers"
- American Society of Mechanical Engineers founded 16 February 1880, New York, N.Y.

Science

- Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect
- Michelson-Morley experiment, showing that the speed of light is invariant
- James-Lange theory of emotion

War, peace and politics

- First Boer War
- The New Imperialism

Other

- Krakatoa, a volcano in Indonesia, erupts cataclysmically; 36,000 people are killed, the majority by the resulting tsunami
- About 300,000 Swedes emigrate to the United States

People

World Leaders

- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
- Guangxu Emperor (China)
- Emperor Wilhelm I (Germany)
- Emperor Wilhelm II (Germany)
- Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Germany)
- King Umberto I (Italy)
- Pope Leo XIII
- Emperor Meiji (Japan)
- Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
- Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord Salisbury (United Kingdom)
- President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
- President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
- President Grover Cleveland (United States) Category:1880s ja:1880年代

William Herschel

Biography

Other astronomical work

Discovery of infrared radiation

Named after Herschel

External links

Sky

The sky is (roughly) that part of the atmosphere or of outer space visible from the surface of the earth (or any other planet; see Skies of other planets). Birds, airplanes, and kites are often considered to fly in the sky. It is difficult to define precisely for several reasons. During daylight the sky has the appearance of an opaque blue surface, but this is the result of the air scattering sunlight. There is no "blue object" above the earth in any normal sense, so it is hard to say what object the sky is. The sky is thus sometimes defined as the denser gaseous zone of a planet's atmosphere. At night the sky has the appearance of a black surface or region scattered with stars. But if we then say that the sky is the entire visible universe, it would not be the same thing we see during the day. The color of the sky is a result of diffuse sky radiation. On a sunny day the Earth sky usually looks as a blue gradient - dark in the zenith, light near the horizon (due to Rayleigh scattering). It turns orange and red during sunrise and sunset, and becomes black at night. During the day the Sun can be seen in the sky, unless covered by clouds. In the night sky (and to some extent during the day) the Moon, planets and stars are visible in the sky. Some of the natural phenomena seen in the sky are clouds, rainbows, and aurorae. Lightning can also be seen in the sky during storms. As a result of human activities, smog during the day and light radiance during the night are often seen above large cities (see also light pollution). In the field of astronomy, the sky is also called the celestial sphere. This is an imaginary dome where the sun, stars, planets, and the moon are seen to be travelling. The celestial sphere is divided into regions called constellations. See skies of other planets for descriptions of the skies of various planets and moons in the solar system.

Sky in religion

Many cultures ascribed strong religious qualities to Earth's sky, believing it to be the home of the heavens and various deities. Among the Chinese, in certain situations, sky means god. For example, people may say "They became friends after several fights: this is the idea of the sky" or "Why does the sky always fool me?" Some religion and art historians believe that in Christianity, in particular, the connection between heaven and sky arose because of a medieval painting technique, where different places were drawn separately on the same picture. Heaven, a different and more important world, was usually painted above the earthly world and was separated from it by clouds.

Deities of the sky

- Ouranos/Uranus, Zeus/Jupiter (Greek/Roman mythology)
- Shu, Nuit, Horus (Egyptian mythology)
- Indra (Hindu scripture)
- Cabaguil (Maya mythology)
- Torngasoak (Inuit mythology)
- Anu (Goidelic mythology)
- Ashanti (Ashanti mythology)
- Denka (Dinka mythology)
- Altjira, Baiame (Aboriginal mythology)
- Sin (Haida mythology)
- Shanga (Yoruba mythology)
- Gamab (Khoikhoi mythology)
- Ukko (Finnish mythology) See also: :Category:Sky and weather deities

Expressions

- A pie in the sky is something that is wanted very badly but is unobtainable.
- When someone's assumptions or premises concerning a particular subject seem to be radically different from everything you know and recognize about the world, you wonder what color the sky is in their world.
- Similarly, because the blue hue of the sky during daytime is such a universally observed and understood phenomenon, people say "as sure as the sky is blue" to mean that something is an indisputable fact.
- Blue skies are evoked as a symbol for good times, optimism and emotional peace.
- To be sky-clad means to be in the nude.
- Similarly, to go skying is a euphemism for stripping or streaking.
- To show that there are no limits on what we can discover or accomplish, you can say, "The sky's the limit!"
- "Blue sky thinking" means coming up with a host of ideas without being restricted to what is practical (similar to brainstorming); in particular, an optimistic assumption is made that there will be no obstacles or opposition to implementation of the ideas.
- "The sky is falling" is a common expression that is used when any sort of disaster is occuring.

RNGC

The Revised New General Catalogue (RNGC) is a revision to the original New General Catalogue made by J. L. E. Dreyer. Some of the brightnesses of objects measured by Dreyer were not accurate or the desciption of the object was not accurate. Therefore they were revised. Most planetarium computer programs use the RNGC and the RIC as a source for their Deep Sky object dataset.

List of NGC objects

The following is a list of NGC objects. There were numerous misidentifications and errors in the cataloguing, so some objects have more than one NGC number.
(see also :Category: NGC objects)

1-1000

1-99

- NGC 1 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 2 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 3 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 4 - a very faint galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 5 - an elliptical galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 6 - a galaxy in Andromeda, also known as NGC 20
- NGC 7 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 8 - a double star in Pegasus
- NGC 9 - a peculiar spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 10 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 11 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 12 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 13 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 14 - a galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 15 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 16 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 17 - a galaxy in Cetus, also known as NGC 34
- NGC 18 - a double star in Pegasus
- NGC 19 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 20 - See NGC 6
- NGC 21 - a spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation, also known as NGC 29
- NGC 22 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 23 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 24 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 25 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 26 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 27 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 28 - an elliptical galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 29 - See NGC 21
- NGC 30 - a double star in Pegasus
- NGC 31 - a spiral galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 32 - a star in Pegasus
- NGC 33 - a double star in Pisces
- NGC 34 - See NGC 17
- NGC 35 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 36 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 37 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 38 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 39 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 40 - a planetary nebula
- NGC 41 - a galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 42 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 43 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 44 - a double star in Andromeda
- NGC 45 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 46 - a star in Pisces
- NGC 47 - a spiral galaxy in the Cetus constellation, also known as NGC 58
- NGC 48 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 49 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 50 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 51 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 52 - a spiral galaxy in Pegasus
- NGC 53 - a galaxy in Tucana
- NGC 54 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 55 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 56 - Does not exist (misidentification)
- NGC 57 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 58 - See NGC 47
- NGC 59 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 60 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 61 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 62 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 63 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 64 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 65 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 66 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 67 - an elliptical galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 68 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 69 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 70 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 71 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 72 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 73 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 74 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 75 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 76 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 77 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 78 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 79 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 80 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 81 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 82 - a star in Andromeda
- NGC 83 - an elliptical galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 84 - a star in Andromeda
- NGC 85 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 86 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 87 - a galaxy in Phoenix, and part of Robert's Quartet
- NGC 88 - a galaxy in Phoenix, and part of Robert's Quartet
- NGC 89 - a galaxy in Phoenix, and part of Robert's Quartet
- NGC 90 - a spiral galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 91 - a single star in Andromeda
- NGC 92 - a galaxy in Phoenix, and part of Robert's Quartet
- NGC 93 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 94 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 95 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 96 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 97 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 98 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 99 - a galaxy in Pisces

100-199

- NGC 100 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 101 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 102 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 103 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 104 - a globular cluster in Tucana
- NGC 105 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 106 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 107 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 108 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 109 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 110 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 111 - nonexistent?
- NGC 112 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 113 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 114 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 115 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 116 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 117 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 118 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 119 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 120 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 121 - a globular cluster in Tucana, and part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 122 - probably a single star in Cetus
- NGC 123 - probably a single star in Cetus
- NGC 124 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 125 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 126 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 127 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 128 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 129 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 130 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 131 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 132 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 133 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 134 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 135 - a galaxy in Cetus, same as IC 26
- NGC 136 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 137 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 138 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 139 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 140 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 141 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 142 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 143 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 144 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 145 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 146 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 147 - a dwarf elliptical galaxy in Cassiopeia, and a member of the Local Group
- NGC 148 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 149 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 150 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 151 - a galaxy in Cetus, same as NGC 153
- NGC 152 - an open cluster in Tucana, and part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 153 - see NGC 151
- NGC 154 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 155 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 156 - a double star in Cetus
- NGC 157 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 158 - a double star in Cetus
- NGC 159 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 160 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 161 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 162 - a single star in Andromeda
- NGC 163 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 164 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 165 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 166 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 167 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 168 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 169 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 170 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 171 - possibly the same as NGC 175
- NGC 172 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 173 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 174 - a barred spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 175 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 176 - an open cluster in Tucana, and part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 177 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 178 - a galaxy in Cetus, probably the same as IC 39
- NGC 179 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 180 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 181 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 182 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 183 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 184 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 185 - a dwarf elliptical or spheroidal galaxy in Cassiopeia, member of the Local Group
- NGC 186 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 187 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 188 - an open cluster in Cepheus
- NGC 189 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 190 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 191 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 192 - a barred spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 193 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 194 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 195 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 196 - a small galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 197 - a small galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 198 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 199 - a galaxy in Pisces

200-299

- NGC 200 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 201 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 202 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 203 - a galaxy in Pisces, probably the same as NGC 211
- NGC 204 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 205 - M110, a galaxy in Andromeda, member of the Local Group
- NGC 206 - a star cloud in the Andromeda Galaxy
- NGC 207 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 208 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 209 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 210 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 211 - see NGC 203
- NGC 212 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 213 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 214 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 215 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 216 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 217 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 218 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 219 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 220 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 221 - M32, an elliptical galaxy in Andromeda, and a member of the Local Group
- NGC 222 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 223 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 224 - M31, the Andromeda Galaxy, the largest member of the Local Group
- NGC 225 - the Sailboat Cluster, an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 226 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 227 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 228 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 229 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 230 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 231 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 232 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 233 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 234 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 235 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 236 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 237 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 238 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 239 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 240 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 241 - a star cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 242 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 243 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 244 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 245 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 246 - a planetary nebula in Cetus
- NGC 247 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus, and a member of the Sculptor Group
- NGC 248 - an emission nebula in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 249 - an emission nebula in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 250 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 251 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 252 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 253 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor, the largest member of the Sculptor Group; sometimes called the Silver Coin Galaxy
- NGC 254 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 255 - a small spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 256 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 257 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 258 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 259 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 260 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 261 - a diffuse nebula in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 262 - a Seyfert galaxy in Andromeda, also known as Mrk 348
- NGC 263 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 264 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 265 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 266 - a large, distant spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 267 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 268 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 269 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 270 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 271 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 272 - an open cluster in Andromeda
- NGC 273 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 274 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 275 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 276 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 277 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 278 - a galaxy in Cassiopeia
- NGC 279 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 280 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 281 - a cluster with nebulosity (an HII region) in Cassiopeia; also known as the Pacman Nebula
- NGC 282 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 283 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 284 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 285 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 286 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 287 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 288 - a globular cluster in Sculptor
- NGC 289 - a galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 290 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 291 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 292 - the Small Magellanic Cloud, an irregular galaxy in Tucana, and a member of the Local Group
- NGC 293 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 294 - a star cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 295 - lost, or same as NGC 296, or a separate galaxy in Pisces?
- NGC 296 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 297 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 298 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 299 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud

300-399

- NGC 300 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor, and a member of the Sculptor Group
- NGC 301 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 302 - a single star in Cetus
- NGC 303 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 304 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 305 - an asterism of six stars in Pisces
- NGC 306 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 307 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 308 - a single star in Cetus
- NGC 309 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 310 - a single star in Cetus
- NGC 311 - a lenticular galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 312 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 313 - a triple star in Pisces
- NGC 314 - a barred spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 315 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 316 - a single star in Pisces
- NGC 317 - (also known as NGC 317B) a barred spiral galaxy in Andromeda, interacting with NGC 317A
- NGC 317A - a lenticular galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 318 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 319 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 320 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 321 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 322 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 323 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 324 - a galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 325 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 326 - a pair of connected galaxies in Pisces
- NGC 327 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 328 - a barred spiral galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 329 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 330 - a globular cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 331 - unknown, possibly MCG-01-03-012 (a galaxy in Cetus)
- NGC 332 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 333 - a pair of galaxies in Cetus
- NGC 334 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 335 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 336 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 337 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 338 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 339 - a globular cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 340 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 341 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 342 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 343 - probably a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 344 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 345 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 346 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 347 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 348 - a spiral galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 349 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 350 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 351 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 352 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 353 - a barred spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 354 - a barred spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 355 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 356 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 357 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 358 - an asterism of four stars in Cassiopeia
- NGC 359 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 360 - a spiral galaxy in Tucana
- NGC 361 - a cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud?
- NGC 362 - a globular cluster in Tucana
- NGC 363 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 364 - a lenticular galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 365 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 366 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 367 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 368 - a spiral galaxy in Phoenix
- NGC 369 - a spiral galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 370 - two of the stars from NGC 372?
- NGC 371 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 372 - a triple star in Pisces
- NGC 373 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 374 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 375 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 376 - an open cluster in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 377 - a galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 378 - a spiral galaxy in Sculptor
- NGC 379 - a lenticular galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 380 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 381 - an open cluster in Cassiopeia
- NGC 382 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 383 - a lenticular galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 384 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 385 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 386 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 387 - an elliptical galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 388 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 389 - a lenticular galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 390 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 391 - an elliptical galaxy in Cetus
- NGC 392 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 393 - a galaxy in Andromeda
- NGC 394 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 395 - a cluster with nebulosity in Tucana; part of the Small Magellanic Cloud
- NGC 396 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 397 - a galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 398 - a spiral galaxy in Pisces
- NGC 399 - a galaxy in Pisces

400-499

- NGC 400 - a single star in Pisces?
- NGC 401 - a single star in Pisces?
- NGC 402 - a single star in Pisces?
- NGC 403 - a spiral galax