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| Genetic Marker |
Genetic marker
A genetic marker is a specific discovered single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP (or simply "mutation") of certain section of DNA of a specific genome. The SNP can either be associated with a known genetic disease, or, it can be in junk DNA that occurs in many individuals and thus be useful for population studies. For the later case, such a mutation would have had to have originated many of hundreds of generations previously and become widespread. Another kind of genetic marker would be a counted short tandem repeats (STRs), where the exact counts are generally inherited.
Genetic markers are used in the studies of populations, such as studies of the migrations of peoples. In particular, genetic markers associated with the Y-chromosome persist along paternal lines and the genetic markers identified in mitochondrial DNA persist along maternal lines. Note that the Y-chromosome has about 25 million base pairs where mitochondrial DNA has about 16 thousand. This persistence is due to the fact that the Y-chromosome in male offspring and the mitochondria in all offspring are clones of the corresponding parent. Note that these SNP's are often in a region of junk DNA and so have no known impact on expressed genetic traits and no implications for biological function.
STRs on the Y-chromosome are also widely used and are known as DNA Y-chromosome Segment (DYS). They necessarily fall in the category of junk DNA.
A paternal example of a genetic marker would be the M343 marker. This mutation would have originated in a Y chromosome replication in a cell of an individual male and then ended up in at least one of his sperm cells which subsequently achieved fertilization in his mate and live birth of a male offspring
th:เครื่องหมายทางพันธุกรรม Ian Wallace (illustrator)Canadian author and illustrator Ian Wallace was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, and grew up in a household of readers in which a typical winter's evening was spent listening to "The Wind in the Willows".
After graduating from public school, he moved to Toronto to attend the [http://www.ocad.on.ca Ontario College of Art], where he received an associateship and a scholarship for a year of post-graduate studies.
Since that time he has written and illustrated several hugely successful books that have won him many awards. He is probably one of Canada's most travelled writer/illustrators, having read to over 800,000 kids across Canada, the U.S., Australia, Great Britain, and, in 2003, China.
He is published in Canada by Groundwood Books and in the United States by Roaring Brook Press. He lives in downtown Toronto with his wife Deb Wallace.
Some of his published works include:
- The Man Who Walked the Earth (2003);
- The True Story of Trapper Jack's Left Big Toe (2002);
- Duncan's Way (2000);
- A Winter's Tale (1997);
- Sarah and the People of Sand River (1996), written by W. D. Valgardson;
- The Mummer's Song (1993), written by Bud Davidge;
- Mr. Kneebone's New Digs (1991);
- The Name of the Tree: a Bantu Tale (1989), written by Celia Barker Lottridge;
- Architect of the Moon (1988), written by Tim Wynne-Jones;
- Morgan the Magnificent (1987);
- Very Last First Time (1985), written by Jan Andrews;
- Chin Chiang and the Dragon's Dance (1984);
- The Sandwich (1975), with Angela Wood.
For more information visit [http://www.ian-wallace.com Ian Wallace's Website]
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